This article has taken a very long time to write because of the uncertainty in archaeology, history and Bible interpretation. I take the Bible as my first basis for evidence, but there are many situations when the Bible gives very little
historical detail – after all, recording historical detail is not the goal of the Bible, but rather a side effect of the Bible’s goals of providing salvation and truth. Many’s the time, therefore, that Bible believers have rejected discoveries of science, not because they were wrong, but because our understanding of the Bible was simplistic. The interface between science and the Bible can be difficult at times and sometimes scientists and Christians can each jump to unwarranted
conclusions about the other. I’ve been trying hard to avoid doing this regarding the historical setting of the book of Daniel.
Nabonidus / Nebuchadnezzar
If “Nabonidus” is a new name for a recovered Nebuchadnezzar, we need to explore how his reign proceeded and how that related to the end of the Neo-Babylonian empire which Nebuchadnezzar founded. The Bible doesn’t mention Nabonidus at all, but it does mention Belshazzar, who
is believed to have been regent in Babylon for about 10 years during the reign of Nabonidus.
The idea that he was regent rather than sole ruler fits well with Daniel 5:7, where Belshazzar offers to promote the person who could read the writing on the wall to be the third ruler in the kingdom, which would be the best a regent could offer. When Daniel reads the writing, Belshazzar keeps his promise in Daniel 5:29.
However, the Bible does not tell us the length of time that Belshazzar “reigned” in Babylon, any more than it states the length of reign of any of the other rulers of Babylon.
Babylon and History
Let’s start with the chronology of Babylonian kings from historians based on analysis of clay tablets and other inscriptions as well as the writings of ancient historians. Some of the discoveries are financial or
contractual records that give dates relative to the reign of various kings, while others are reports of the activities of kings or other propaganda. Later evidence – normally written hundreds of years after the events – comes from the opinions of ancient historians of varying reliability. If these comments give the impression that all ancient history is based on shaky foundations, this is true – except, I believe, where the Bible is involved (which reports history that is accurate
but incomplete). In general, kings like to write themselves into history as admirable, while presenting their enemies as weak or untrustworthy. This behaviour is to be expected of human beings, but it makes accurate assessment of history impossible in places where the Bible is silent.
Rulers according to Wikipedia
The kings who ruled over Babylon during this period and their timing according to Wikipedia are shown in the following
table.
History from the Bible
When comparing this analysis of history with the records of the Bible, the most significant point of conflict is Darius the Mede, which coincides with the point of this article, namely to concentrate on the end of the Neo-Babylonian empire and the rise of the Medes and Persians. The Bible says a few things that relate to what
happened at this time in history and how it developed.
Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of a huge statue is reported in Daniel chapter 2, along with an interpretation which describes Nebuchadnezzar as the head of gold. About 5-10 years later, Jeremiah predicted that all nations would serve Nebuchadnezzar, his son and his grandson, and then the time for Babylon to serve other nations would come (Jeremiah 27:7).
What would happen after the empire of
Babylon?
Nebuchadnezzar’s dream told of a subsequent empire of silver, but gave no more detail.
The end of Babylon
Almost 200 years earlier, Isaiah had prophesied that the Medes would attack and conquer Babylon with help from Elam.[1]
Jeremiah also made predictions about the sudden defeat of the empire of Babylon[2] by a horde of great nations from the land of the north,[3] some of whom he named: Media,[4] Ararat, Minni and Ashkenaz.[5]
Interestingly
enough, Persia is not mentioned by name by either Isaiah or Jeremiah, yet it is later coupled with the Medes on several occasions in Esther and Daniel.
Daniel presents this kingdom of silver as having two parts when he later interprets the writing on the wall at Belshazzar’s feast as saying that Babylon’s kingdom has been divided and given to the Medes and the Persians.[6] The same message is presented in two visions seen by Daniel a few years earlier, one in Daniel 7 probably
showing the empire of the Medes and Persians as a bear raised up on one side and the other in Daniel 8 showing a ram with two horns, one of which was higher than the other.[7] In both cases, the raised or stronger part of the empire is probably the Persian side.
The book of Daniel reports that Belshazzar died later on the night of that feast and that Darius the Mede subsequently received the kingdom.[8] Cyrus the Persian appears to be the next king.[9] As the empire
of the Medes and Persians progresses, later kings are described as kings of Persia, which demonstrates how the Persians rose to completely dominate the empire – as predicted.
Medes and Persians
Very early on, however, when the presidents and satraps approach Darius the Mede with the aim of getting Daniel into trouble, they name the Medes first when they refer to the laws of the Medes and the Persians – whether because of historical preeminence or some other reason we can’t be sure.
Likewise in Esther 10:2, there is a reference to a book entitled “The Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Media and Persia”, although in all other references in Esther, Persia comes first, suggesting that it is the more powerful partner by that time.
All in all, these references suggest that Media may have had greater historic importance and taken the lead initially, but that Persia became the more important and powerful partner, possibly even before the conquest of Babylon
was complete. For whatever reason, Darius the Mede became the first king of the Medes and Persians to rule over Babylon. He was 62 years old when he became king, and the book of Daniel only gives dates for events in the first year of his reign, so his reign may not have lasted very long.
Cyrus
If Cyrus was, even at that time, the overall king of the empire of Persia and Media, this raises the question of when Cyrus’ reign would be counted from. He had already been
king over Persia for about 20 years before Babylon was conquered, yet Biblical references to him start from the first year of his reign. This probably refers to the first year in which he directly reigned over Babylon, ignoring the many years during which he had already reigned over an expanding empire. Most likely, his first year began after the death of Darius the Mede, and may well have been a few years after the initial defeat of Babylon. If the original defeat happened in
539BC, Cyrus’ direct reign may have begun some time after that, perhaps one to five years later.
“70 Years”
One interesting possibility can be found by connecting this with the prophecies of Jeremiah in Jeremiah 25:11-12 and Jeremiah 29:10 that there would be a 70 year period during which many nations would serve Babylon. For Jerusalem, this would have ended in 535BC, 70 years after the first siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 605BC.[10] Perhaps the “first year of
Cyrus”[11] began in 535BC!
Alternatively, the 70 years could have begun with the defeat and death of Josiah when Pharaoh Neco took over control of the kingdom of Judah in 609BC and appointed Jehoiakim as king. 539BC would be 70 years after this event.
See also
Notes
[1] Isaiah 13:17-19; 21:2
[2] Jeremiah 51:8
[3] Jeremiah 50:3, 9, 41. “North” is probably relative to Babylon.
[4] Jeremiah 51:11, 28
[5] Jeremiah
51:27
[6] Daniel 5:28
[7] Daniel 8:20
[8] Daniel 5:30-31
[9] Daniel 6:28
[10] This happened shortly after the battle of Carchemish and Nebuchadnezzar’s accession to the kingship. After the conclusion of this siege, Daniel and his three friends were taken into captivity in Babylon along with many others.
[11] 2 Chronicles 36:22-23; Ezra 1:1-2
